What is Neurodivergence: History, Labels, and the Future of Diagnosis

Defining Neurodivergence

Neurodivergence refers to the natural variation in human cognitive functioning, encompassing conditions such as Autism and ADHD. It challenges the idea that there is one "normal" way for the brain to function and instead recognizes that differences in perception, processing, and behavior are a fundamental part of human diversity. While neurodivergence is now understood as a spectrum of experiences, societal perceptions of these differences have historically been shaped by economic, cultural, and political forces.

The History of Labeling Based on Societal Utility

Throughout history, societies have categorized individuals based on their perceived usefulness. In ancient times, those who exhibited traits now associated with neurodivergence were often labeled as visionaries, mystics, or eccentrics. As industrialization and economic efficiency became central to societal structures, individuals were increasingly classified based on their ability to conform to standardized work environments.

The medicalization of cognitive differences accelerated in the 19th and 20th centuries, with institutions seeking to "treat" or "correct" behaviors that did not align with prevailing societal norms. Over time, labels such as "hysterical," "feebleminded," and "insane" were applied indiscriminately to those who struggled to fit into rigid expectations. This trend continues today, though in a more structured form, through the diagnostic frameworks outlined in manuals such as the DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders).

Why Some Demographics Are Diagnosed More Frequently Than Others

The demographics of who gets diagnosed with conditions like ADHD and Autism are not evenly distributed. Historically, diagnostic criteria have been shaped around the behaviors of white, male children, leading to significant underdiagnosis in women, people of color, and individuals from lower socioeconomic backgrounds.

This discrepancy reflects who neurotypical society prioritizes for behavioral categorization—those whose behaviors are most disruptive to established systems. Young boys exhibiting hyperactivity in school settings, for example, are more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD, whereas girls who mask their symptoms or internalize struggles are often overlooked. Similarly, individuals in marginalized communities often lack access to diagnosis and support due to systemic biases in healthcare and education.

How the DSM Categorizes ADHD and Autism

The DSM has evolved significantly in its categorization of ADHD and Autism. ADHD was originally divided into Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) before being consolidated into ADHD with three subtypes: inattentive, hyperactive-impulsive, and combined.

Autism, meanwhile, was historically divided into multiple diagnoses, including Autistic Disorder, Asperger’s Syndrome, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS). Asperger’s Syndrome, named after Hans Asperger, has fallen out of use due to Asperger’s troubling history of eugenics and the realization that the division between Asperger’s and Autism was largely arbitrary.

From High and Low Functioning to Support Needs

The traditional labels of "high-functioning" and "low-functioning" Autism have given way to the more nuanced categorization of low, medium, and high support needs. The former terms were misleading, often equating verbal ability with capability while ignoring profound struggles with executive function, sensory processing, or self-advocacy. The shift to describing support needs acknowledges that an individual's challenges are not fixed but are context-dependent.

The Increasing Recognition of ADHD and Autism Overlap

Although the DSM still categorizes ADHD and Autism as distinct disorders, emerging research is revealing high rates of comorbidity between them. Many individuals diagnosed with one exhibit traits of the other, suggesting they may not be entirely separate conditions but instead manifestations of overlapping neurodevelopmental differences.

Some researchers speculate that in future revisions of the DSM, ADHD and Autism may be classified under a broader neurodivergent umbrella. This shift would reflect growing scientific understanding that these conditions are deeply intertwined and that current categorizations may be artificially dividing a more complex neurocognitive landscape.

The Future of Neurodivergence Classification

As research progresses, the boundaries between ADHD, Autism, and other neurodivergent conditions may continue to blur. The way society defines and understands neurodivergence is not static; it is influenced by shifting scientific perspectives, social attitudes, and advocacy efforts. The challenge ahead is to ensure that future classifications move toward greater inclusivity and support rather than reinforcing outdated notions of normalcy and deficiency.

Neurodivergence is not a disorder to be fixed—it is a natural variation of the human experience. By shifting the conversation from pathology to understanding, society can better support neurodivergent individuals in living authentic, fulfilling lives.